<P align=center>兴化市荻垛中心小学 刘启圣</P>
<P><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 纵览牛津英语教材，英语句中“条件”的表达方式主要通过“if”或“unless”引导的条件状语从句来实现，除此以外，还可以通过其它多种结构表示句子所需的“条件”。现将学生在英语学习中应当了解、掌握的一些常见条件状语表现形式作一小结，供广大师生参考。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一、“if”和“unless”引导的条件状语从句<BR>If it stops snowing， we can go out．如果雪停了我们就可以出去了。<BR>If he runs，he’ll get there in time．如果他跑步去就会及时赶到那里。<BR>She will come back unless there is a heavy rain. 如果不下大雨，她会回来。<BR>需要强调的是，在倒装的虚拟条件句中if往往可以省略。如：Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.要是你复习功课的话，你可能已经通过了考试.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 二、其他从句表示条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 除了if之外，是否还有其他连词可以引导条件状语从句呢？回答是肯定的。不仅有，还有很多。这些词由于出现的频率小，且用法较复杂一些，所以不如if为大家所熟知罢了。<BR>1．由as long as 或so long as 引出条件状语从句。<BR>We'll say no more about it as /so long as she understands us. 只要她理解我们，我们对此事就不再说什么。<BR>2．"in case"引导的条件从句。<BR>I shall stay in the hotel all day in case there is news of the missing child.我会整天呆在饭店,除非有关于失踪儿童的消息。<BR>3．on condition that．．．只有在……条件下，以……为条件。<BR>I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret．我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。<BR>4．while从句，意思和用法相当于as long as，可位于句首,也可位于句中。<BR>You don't have to worry while we are here.只要我们在,你就别着急。<BR>5．where 从句，“只要”。<BR>Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。<BR>6．when引导的条件状语从句相当于if/ in case引导的条件状语从句.<BR>When there is no gravity, our feet can no longer stay on the ground. 如果没有重力,我们的脚就不能够在地面上站稳。<BR>7．but that引导的条件状语从句，与虚拟式主句连用，but也含有否定含义，多可译为“要不是……”。but that并不是介词but+that从句，而是复杂从属连词。<BR>I would spend my holiday in Europe but that I have not so much money．要是我有这么多的钱，我就去欧洲度假。<BR>8．supposing（conj）引导的从句表示一种假设条件。 <BR>Supposing it rains，shall we continue the sports meeting？倘若下雨，我们的运动会还会继续进行吗？<BR>9．"provided ＋（that）从句"表示一种假设条件。<BR>He won't be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance．如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不在会上反对我们。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 从上述例句可以看出，if，unless，on condition that， provided，supposing等连词引导的条件状语从句，主从句条件关系分明，结构清晰，一看便知是条件状语从句。但有些句子，虽没有主从句的条件关系，也没有连词，却隐含着条件关系，这些句子常用一些介词，如but for，without等，引出一个介词结构来表示条件，条件常常是虚拟的或与事实相反的假设。如：But for the rain，we should have a pleasant journey．要不是下雨，我们的旅行肯定很愉快。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 三、固定的句型表示条件<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1．祈使句+连词（and/or）+陈述句。该句型中祈使句表示条件（相当于if引导的表示否定意义的条件状语从句）陈述句表示结果。<BR>Hurry up, or you will be late for school. (=If you don't hurry up, you will be late for school.)赶快,否则你上学就会迟到了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2．the more．．．, the more．．．在该句型里，前者表示条件，后者表示结果。<BR>The more one has, the more one wants.<BR>The sooner you start，the more quickly you'll finish．你开始得越早，结束得就越快。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 四、含蓄条件句<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在某些虚拟语气结构中没有if条件句,虚拟条件是用其它形式表示出来,这种现象在语法上称为"含蓄条件句"。含蓄条件具体分为以下几种情况:<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1．名词短语表示条件<BR>But for air and water, nothing could live.没有空气和水,什么也活不了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2．通过动词不定式短语表示条件。<BR>例如: Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. (=If they had been given more attention...)倘若给予更多的关心,这些树本来可以生长得更好的。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3．通过介词短语表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier.(=If it had not been for the storm...)要不是那场暴雨,我早就到达了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4．通过连词otherwise,or,but,that,though,once等表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:She came to town yesterday,otherwise/or I would not have met her. (otherwise/or=if she hadn't come)昨天她到城里来了,不然我就不会遇见她了。<BR>I would have attended the meeting,but I have been too busy.(=...if I had not been too busy)我本来要参加会议的,只是太忙了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5．通过Were it not for...或Had it not been for...等句式表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:Were it not for(=If it were not for) the leadership of the Party,we could not live a happy life.要不是党的领导,我们不可能过幸福生活。(与现在事实相反)<BR>Had it not been for(=If it had not been for) the leadership of the Party,we should have failed.若不是有党的领导,我们早就失败了。(与过去事实相反)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6．通过分词短语表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.倘若给予更多的关心,这些树本来可以生长得更好的。(=If they had been given more attention...)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7．无词句暗示条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误本来可以避免的。(暗含条件从句if we had been more careful)<BR>It was so quiet,you could have heard a pin drop.是那样的安静,掉根针你都听得见。(暗含条件从句if it had dropped to the ground)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 五、独立主格结构表示条件<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All things considered, the price would be reasonable.<BR>Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.（＝If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.）如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。<BR>The condition being favourable, he may succeed．若条件有利，他或许能成功。<BR>&nbsp;Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．）如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 从以上总结与例句中我们可以看出，英语“条件”语句的表现形式很广泛，笔者谈到的仅是常见的一些。今后，当我们遇到条件装语丛句时，我们应学会使用多种表达方法，摆脱简单的“if”引导的条件状语从句结构的束缚，透过表层结构，正确理解并用恰当的汉语表达出它们的真正内涵。</P>
<P><BR>参考文献<BR>1．刘毅著.《英语语法宝典》，下册，北京师范大学出版社.<BR>2．章振邦、张月祥、强增吉编著.《新编英语语法概要》，上海译文出版社.<BR>3．张道真编著.《实用英语语法》,商务印书馆.<BR>4．薄冰编著.《高级英语语法》.<BR>5．《中小学英语教学与研究》，华东师范大学出版社.</P>

<P align=center>兴化市荻垛中心小学 刘启圣</P>
<P><BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 纵览牛津英语教材，英语句中“条件”的表达方式主要通过“if”或“unless”引导的条件状语从句来实现，除此以外，还可以通过其它多种结构表示句子所需的“条件”。现将学生在英语学习中应当了解、掌握的一些常见条件状语表现形式作一小结，供广大师生参考。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 一、“if”和“unless”引导的条件状语从句<BR>If it stops snowing， we can go out．如果雪停了我们就可以出去了。<BR>If he runs，he’ll get there in time．如果他跑步去就会及时赶到那里。<BR>She will come back unless there is a heavy rain. 如果不下大雨，她会回来。<BR>需要强调的是，在倒装的虚拟条件句中if往往可以省略。如：Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.要是你复习功课的话，你可能已经通过了考试.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 二、其他从句表示条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 除了if之外，是否还有其他连词可以引导条件状语从句呢？回答是肯定的。不仅有，还有很多。这些词由于出现的频率小，且用法较复杂一些，所以不如if为大家所熟知罢了。<BR>1．由as long as 或so long as 引出条件状语从句。<BR>We'll say no more about it as /so long as she understands us. 只要她理解我们，我们对此事就不再说什么。<BR>2．"in case"引导的条件从句。<BR>I shall stay in the hotel all day in case there is news of the missing child.我会整天呆在饭店,除非有关于失踪儿童的消息。<BR>3．on condition that．．．只有在……条件下，以……为条件。<BR>I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret．我可以告诉你真相，条件是你答应保守秘密。<BR>4．while从句，意思和用法相当于as long as，可位于句首,也可位于句中。<BR>You don't have to worry while we are here.只要我们在,你就别着急。<BR>5．where 从句，“只要”。<BR>Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。<BR>6．when引导的条件状语从句相当于if/ in case引导的条件状语从句.<BR>When there is no gravity, our feet can no longer stay on the ground. 如果没有重力,我们的脚就不能够在地面上站稳。<BR>7．but that引导的条件状语从句，与虚拟式主句连用，but也含有否定含义，多可译为“要不是……”。but that并不是介词but+that从句，而是复杂从属连词。<BR>I would spend my holiday in Europe but that I have not so much money．要是我有这么多的钱，我就去欧洲度假。<BR>8．supposing（conj）引导的从句表示一种假设条件。 <BR>Supposing it rains，shall we continue the sports meeting？倘若下雨，我们的运动会还会继续进行吗？<BR>9．"provided ＋（that）从句"表示一种假设条件。<BR>He won't be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance．如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不在会上反对我们。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 从上述例句可以看出，if，unless，on condition that， provided，supposing等连词引导的条件状语从句，主从句条件关系分明，结构清晰，一看便知是条件状语从句。但有些句子，虽没有主从句的条件关系，也没有连词，却隐含着条件关系，这些句子常用一些介词，如but for，without等，引出一个介词结构来表示条件，条件常常是虚拟的或与事实相反的假设。如：But for the rain，we should have a pleasant journey．要不是下雨，我们的旅行肯定很愉快。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 三、固定的句型表示条件<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1．祈使句+连词（and/or）+陈述句。该句型中祈使句表示条件（相当于if引导的表示否定意义的条件状语从句）陈述句表示结果。<BR>Hurry up, or you will be late for school. (=If you don't hurry up, you will be late for school.)赶快,否则你上学就会迟到了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2．the more．．．, the more．．．在该句型里，前者表示条件，后者表示结果。<BR>The more one has, the more one wants.<BR>The sooner you start，the more quickly you'll finish．你开始得越早，结束得就越快。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 四、含蓄条件句<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 在某些虚拟语气结构中没有if条件句,虚拟条件是用其它形式表示出来,这种现象在语法上称为"含蓄条件句"。含蓄条件具体分为以下几种情况:<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1．名词短语表示条件<BR>But for air and water, nothing could live.没有空气和水,什么也活不了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2．通过动词不定式短语表示条件。<BR>例如: Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. (=If they had been given more attention...)倘若给予更多的关心,这些树本来可以生长得更好的。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3．通过介词短语表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:But for the storm I would have arrived much earlier.(=If it had not been for the storm...)要不是那场暴雨,我早就到达了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 4．通过连词otherwise,or,but,that,though,once等表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:She came to town yesterday,otherwise/or I would not have met her. (otherwise/or=if she hadn't come)昨天她到城里来了,不然我就不会遇见她了。<BR>I would have attended the meeting,but I have been too busy.(=...if I had not been too busy)我本来要参加会议的,只是太忙了。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 5．通过Were it not for...或Had it not been for...等句式表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:Were it not for(=If it were not for) the leadership of the Party,we could not live a happy life.要不是党的领导,我们不可能过幸福生活。(与现在事实相反)<BR>Had it not been for(=If it had not been for) the leadership of the Party,we should have failed.若不是有党的领导,我们早就失败了。(与过去事实相反)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 6．通过分词短语表达条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.倘若给予更多的关心,这些树本来可以生长得更好的。(=If they had been given more attention...)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 7．无词句暗示条件。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 例如:Such mistakes could have been avoided.这种错误本来可以避免的。(暗含条件从句if we had been more careful)<BR>It was so quiet,you could have heard a pin drop.是那样的安静,掉根针你都听得见。(暗含条件从句if it had dropped to the ground)<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 五、独立主格结构表示条件<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All things considered, the price would be reasonable.<BR>Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.（＝If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.）如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。<BR>The condition being favourable, he may succeed．若条件有利，他或许能成功。<BR>&nbsp;Such being the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．（＝If such is the case，you have no grounds for dismissing him．）如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 从以上总结与例句中我们可以看出，英语“条件”语句的表现形式很广泛，笔者谈到的仅是常见的一些。今后，当我们遇到条件装语丛句时，我们应学会使用多种表达方法，摆脱简单的“if”引导的条件状语从句结构的束缚，透过表层结构，正确理解并用恰当的汉语表达出它们的真正内涵。</P>
<P><BR>参考文献<BR>1．刘毅著.《英语语法宝典》，下册，北京师范大学出版社.<BR>2．章振邦、张月祥、强增吉编著.《新编英语语法概要》，上海译文出版社.<BR>3．张道真编著.《实用英语语法》,商务印书馆.<BR>4．薄冰编著.《高级英语语法》.<BR>5．《中小学英语教学与研究》，华东师范大学出版社.</P>