【转帖】语音知识[UseMoney=15]
1 关于语音的几个概念
1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音标：词的语音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。
7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi
闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it
9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [ ] hot, want
7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
[u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) look, put, women, could
10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [ ] boy, oil
18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair
20) [ ] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 辅音
1) [p] pen,
2) bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
[n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ ] think,
15) [ ] this, bathe
16) sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [ ] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child, teach, catch
24) [ ] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的辅音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 读音规则
1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)
2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊读音
1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3）音的同化：两个特殊的音碰到一起，会发出变异成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
8. 重音
1)单词重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重
B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况
a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.
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[此贴子已经被作者于2005-7-10 23:18:40编辑过]
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