标点(Punctuation)好好玩(五)

六、Colons (:) 冒号

冒号在中文或英文里都是一个相当常见的标点符号，在用法上也大致一样。
注意：
* 冒号前不可有空格
* 冒号后可加一空格
* 冒号后千万不要加- (如 :-)
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大家先来看看下面的例子，你以为句子中的冒号用法对吗？

For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and
a flashlight.

如果你的答案是对，那你就错了！这是一个常见的冒号用法上的错误。正确的用法，看
下去就会明白了。这里且让我们从最简单的用法开始吧。
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6.1　冒号用在公函上收信人的称呼

Dear Sir: (你看，冒号前没有任何空格喔)

We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
============================================
6.2　冒号用于分开标题和副标题(当一标题需要进一步说明时所加上的副标题)

1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks
(标题Math Applications和副标题Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之
间以冒号隔开)

2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak
Furniture是书名，the British Tradition是副标题)
=============================================
6.3　冒号必须加在完整句子或独立子句之后

最常见的冒号用法上的错误就是将冒号放在完整句或独立子句的中间。看看下面的例子
：

Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.

其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢？显然意思并不完整。因此句
子中的冒号是多馀的。如果要用冒号的话，上面句子应该写成下面的样子：

There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer,
and a saw.

看看冒号前There are three things every repairman must have，它是不是有完整的
意思呢？“每一位修理员必备三样东西”可见意思是完整的，虽然你还会问是哪三样东
西呢？因此冒号后面就列出那三样东西了。

现在我们知道在冒号前必须是的完整意思的句子或子句，跟冒号后的可不一定是个句子
或子句。它可能是一个列表，甚至可能只是一个单词。因此前面举的那个例子错在哪里
也就明白了吧。下面给出它的正误句：

错误句：For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food,
water, and a flashlight.

正确句：For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern,
a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
--------------------------------------------
6.3.1 一些例子

1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持续干旱). (冒号
后说明非洲所面对的困境)

2.　The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you
risk AIDS. (说明你的处境是什么)

3.　She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (说明她
肯定的是什么事)

4.　We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (说明为什么那么
容易找到那个地方)

5.　Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above
all, Larry. (说明是哪几个朋友)
------------------------------------------------
6.3.2　反过来也行

1.　Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized
linguistics in one way or another.
================================================
6.4　冒号用于注明引用圣经的章节

1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
================================================
6.5　冒号用于表示比例

1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比
1,用文字说就是by more than four to one)
================================================
6.6　冒号用于表示时间(美国式)

1. 2:15 (两点十五分) (英国式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A)　(上午十一点三十分) (英国式 11.30 am)
======================================================

你说英文冒号的用法和中文的有什么不同呢？

名词的数与一致性
1. 并列结构作主语时与谓语的一致关系
a) 由and连接两个名词或者代词作主语时
A and B分为以下四种情况：
i. A、B表示不同的人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用复数形式
Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students.
Both the parents and the children are here.
ii. A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候，谓语动词要用单数形式
A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.
The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.
iii. And连接几个单数主语，主语由each、 every、 no、 many a等词修饰的时候，谓
语动词要用单数
Each boy and each girl is invited.
Every boy and girl is invited.
No boy and no girl is there now.
iv. A、B为两个不可分的东西时，谓语动词用单数
A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.
Bread and butter is nutritious.

b) 由or, not only… but also …, either… or …, neither… nor …连接主语
时，谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致 （注意，叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同）
Either you or I am mad.
Neither you nor he is naughty.
Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.

c) 当主语后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like,
including, as well as, rather than等词的时候，谓语动词不受词组的影响，仅和主
语保持一致
All but one were here just now.
A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.


2. 单一主语的情况
a) 以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时，例如physics, maths, economics, news, means,
works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然，若表示复数的意思则另当别论
Physics is very important.
Every means has been tried.

b) 表示双部分工具的名称，衣服名称等作主语时，例如trousers/pants, shoes,
glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等，谓语用复数形式；如果这些词由Pair(suit,
piece, series,kind)+ of修饰的时候，谓语动词要用单数

My trousers are white and his clothes are black.
A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.

但是在these/those pairs (…) of + 复数名词之后，谓语动词则用复数形式
These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.

3. 动名词，不定式，从句作主语的时候，谓语动词一般要用单数

To see is to believe.
Swimming is a good way to keep health.
Who is her father is not known.

4. 集体名词作主语时
a) mankind/humanity/man（人类）作主语的时候，谓语动词一般用单数形式
Only man is knows how to cook.
b) 由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候，谓语动词用复数形式
The cattle are grazing in the field.
c) Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候
i. 若当整体看，则谓语动词用单数形式
Our class is very diligent.
ii. 若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看，谓语动词则用复数形式
When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.
iii. A family/group/class作主语时，谓语动词用单数
families/groups/classes作主语时，谓语动词用复数
A group is coming to the zoo.

5. 其他情况
a) 主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候，谓语动词用
单数形式
3 kilometers is not very far.
Three times three makes nine.

b) one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词
谓语动词一般用单数形式，因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语，of前面
的one, every one … 才是主语
Neither of them is right.
Each of them has a slide.

c) none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式
none of + 可数名词　——谓语动词单复均可
None of that money in the desk is his.
None of his classmates knows the truth.


d) 分数或百分数 + of + 词组
分数或百分数+ of +词组作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数；若
名词或代词是复数，谓语动词用复数，若名词或代词是单数，则谓语动词用单数
Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.
Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.

e) more than one +(单数名词)+单数动词
more than two +(复数名词)+复数动词
More than one white rose has bloomed.
More than two white roses have bloomed.

f) a (great) number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词
the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词
A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.
The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.

g) the + 形容词，表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数
the + 形容词，表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
The beauty is here.

h) every, any, some, no 构成的复合词
everyone, everybody, everything
anyone, anybody, anything　　　　　　 这些复合词作主语的时候，谓语动词用单
someone, somebody, something　　　　 数形式
no one, nobody, nothing
Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.
Listen, someone is knocking at the door.

英美货币说法
（一）美国货币
　　美国货币由美元dollar和美分cent组成，one dollar等于100 cents。其纸币bill有一、二、五、十、二十、五十和一百美元等面值；硬币（coin）有一美分（或a penny）、五美分（或a nickel）、十美分（或a dime）和二十五美分（或a quarter）等。在数字前加$表示美元，如：$500表示五百美元；在数字后加C表示美分，如：50C表示50美分；表示由美元和美分组成的钱数时，常用$表示，如：$6.50。
　　（二）英国货币
　　英国货币由英镑（pound）和便士（pence）组成，也分为纸币notes和硬币coins。纸币有面值五镑、十镑、二十镑和五十镑；而硬币，即金属货币有一便士、二便士、五便士、十便士、二十便士、五十便士和一镑等。若指一定数额的硬币，通常用piece，如2P（pieces）；随身带的硬币可用change表示。100 pence等于1 pound。在数字前加￡表示多少英镑，如：￡800为800英镑；在数字后加P表示多少便士，如：5P表示五便士（penny的复数）；表示由英镑和便士组成的钱数时通常不说出pence，如3镑50便士可说成￡3.50或three pounds and fifty。

呵呵，受益颇多啊从开学初我在自己六年级的班每周和他们一起学一句英语谚语或名人名言

我们也要求每周两句,但总坚持不下来.班级人数太多,补差,提高,忙得不亦乐乎.

以下是引用蓝色眼睛在2005-3-30 21:39:30的发言：
我们也要求每周两句,但总坚持不下来.班级人数太多,补差,提高,忙得不亦乐乎.

我以前也这样做过，后来还是忙于陪优补差，忙于应试，也就没有坚持下来．那个时候学生真的能说好多名言啊！

是啊,都是什么调研啊,外语学校/民办学校招生啊,等等,把我们搞得无所适从.现在谁也说不清什么叫素质教育,什么叫应试教育.

[em16][em23]

真好!

那我一定要坚持下去