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蓝色眼睛 2005-1-18 21:11 [复制链接]
发表于 2005-3-20 14:22:00
标点(Punctuation)好好玩(四)

四、Ellipsis (...) 省略号

英文省略号的写法是三个小黑点(...),而中文是则是六点(……)。用法如下:

4.1 句子删节

4.1.1 表示在引号中的删节:

1. “...into that good night.”

2. “You won't...” Lois began. (错误:“You won't...,”)

3. “Then you'd blast off...on screen, as if you were looking out...of a
spaceship.”
-------------------------------------------------

4.1.2 在句子中间删节,跟着省略号的字母必须小写:

1. He agreed that prices were...reasonable.
-------------------------------------------------

4.1.3  句尾删节,要点四点(....):

1. She disagreed with the decision.... (最后一点是句号? )
=================================================

4.2  表示在对话或叙述中的停顿、犹豫、踌躇、语气强调等:

1. Clutching at his throat, he gasped, “Help...help me.”

2. He seemed nervous...stared straight ahead...kept twitching and
jerking...then he ran for shelter.

3. You mean...I...uh...we have a test today?
=================================================

4.3 段落的删节

4.3.1 删节一段以上,以一行小点代之:

This is paragraph 1.

................................. (表示删节第2-4段)

This is paragraph 5.
---------------------------------------------------

4.3.2 如果段落删节开始开某段的中间,点四点表示下面的文字被删节:

This is.... (这里点四点,表示从这里开始删节)

....................(这里点一行,表示其中的段落被删节)

This is paragraph 5.
---------------------------------------------------

4.3.3  如果删节的最后一段只省略中间的一部份,最后一段的开始处点三点:

This is paragraph 1.

................................

...is paragraph 5. (...表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)
====================================================

4.4 表示连结 (以一长串小黑点表示)

4.4.1 用于目录:

Chapter 3.........................................page 45

====================================================
五、Quotation Marks 引号 (当没有特别说明时为双引号“” Single Quotation
Marks单引号‘ ’)

5.1 直接引用,这是最常见的用法:

5.1.1 引号内的引用句为原句:

1. She said, “Hurry up.” 她说:“快点儿。” (注意中、英标点用法不同处)

2. “I can come today,” she said, “but not tomorrow.”

3. The sign changed from “Walk,” to “Don't walk,” to “Walk” again
within 30 seconds.

4. “I'm finally tired enough to get to sleep,” she yawned. (这里的引用句
结尾是逗号,不可用句号喔)

5. They shouted,“Congratulations!” through the door.
-----------------------------------------------------
5.1.2 如果引用句本身为陈述句,而整句为问句,那问号就要加在引号之后:

1. Did he say, “I am going to college next year”? (注意是“……”?问号在
引号之外喔)

2. Do you agree with the saying,“A living dog is better than a dead lion”
? (整句是问你同意引号内的那句话吗,所以问号要加在句尾)
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.3 如果引用句本身是个问句,那问号就要加在引号内:

1.  Did he say, “Are you going to college next year?” (这里“……?”这个
问句要放在引号内。不可写成 Did he say, “Are you going to college next
year?”?)

2. She asked, “Will you still be my friend?” (句尾同样不可再加问号喔)
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.4 引用的字或短语如在整句中并无中断,这时就不必加上逗号:

1. The phrase “lovely, dark and deep” begins to suggest ominous
overtones.
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.5 如引用句属于句子的一部份,在引号前加冒号(:):

1. My mother's favorite quote was from Shakespeare:“This above all, to
thine own self be true.”
------------------------------------------------------
5.1.6 如果引用句内又有引用句,那就要用单引号(‘ ’)以示区别:

1. George explained, “I heard her say, ‘Go away!’so I left.”

2. He said, “Mary said,‘Do not treat me that way.’” (注意句尾的句号是
在单引号内,而句尾的单引号和双引号之间不可再加标点)
-------------------------------------------------------
5.1.7 引用句有两段以上时,只在每一段开始用引号(“),直到结束段最后才加引号
(”):

“This is paragraph 1    (这里只用“)
“This is paragraph 2    (这里也只用“)
“This is paragraph 3.” (最后就要用“”)
-------------------------------------------------------
5.1.8 多人对话式引用句,各对话各占一段:

“I'll do my best,”he said. (引用句结尾用的是逗号,而不是句号,因为接着有he
said)
“How old is he?”she asked.
“According to his passport he's thirty-one.” (这里的引用句结尾用句号,因
为没有he said)
“And what is his real name?”
“Wilson.”
“Edward Wilson,”she said softly.
==================================================
5.2  引用句属“无声对话”,加不加引号都可以:

1. Oh, what a beautiful morning, Curly said to himself. (Oh, what a
beautiful morning 这句话是Curly 对自己说的,并没发出声音,不必加上引号)

2.  “Oh, what a beautiful morning!” Curly said to himself. (加上引号也
行)
==================================================
5.3  间接引用语不可加上引号:

1. The President said that NAFTA would eventually be a boon to small
businesses in both countries. (The President said 后面的话并非原话,因此不
必加上引号)

2, Professor Villa told her students the textbooks were not yet in the
bookstore.
==================================================
5.4  文章、报告、评论、短篇故事、诗歌、戏剧、电影等标题/篇名都用引号

5.4.1 在句子中提到的标题或篇名用双引号(“”):

1. My favorite short story is “The Treasure.” (句尾的句号放在引号内是美国
式的;英国式的则放在引号外“The Treasure”.)

2. My favorite peom is Robert Frost's “Design.”

3. The poem “Trees” was written by Joyce Kilmer. (“Trees”在句中,不可加
其他标点)

4. “The Time Machine” is my favorite film.

5. What do you think of William Shakespeare's “Henry V”? (除了句号及逗
号,其他如问号等的位置,须视句子而定)
--------------------------------------------------------
5.4.2  在报章标题中出现的引号,应为单引号(‘ ’):

1. Congress Cries ‘Shame!’
===================================================
5.5 特殊词汇

5.5.1 当引号加在一个专门术语或特别强调的词汇上时,引号前不可加逗号:

1. Doctors refer to the red blemish as an “hemangioma.” (不可写成...as
an, “hemangioma.”)

2. Sartre's treatment of ‘being’,as opposed to his treatment of
‘non-being’, has been thoroughly described in Kaufmann's book. (哲学上的
关键概念应用单引号,奇怪喔)
发表于 2005-3-20 14:22:00
标点(Punctuation)好好玩(五)

六、Colons (:) 冒号

冒号在中文或英文里都是一个相当常见的标点符号,在用法上也大致一样。
注意:
* 冒号前不可有空格
* 冒号后可加一空格
* 冒号后千万不要加- (如 :-)
---------------------------------------------------
大家先来看看下面的例子,你以为句子中的冒号用法对吗?

For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food, water, and
a flashlight.

如果你的答案是对,那你就错了!这是一个常见的冒号用法上的错误。正确的用法,看
下去就会明白了。这里且让我们从最简单的用法开始吧。
------------------------------------------
6.1 冒号用在公函上收信人的称呼

Dear Sir: (你看,冒号前没有任何空格喔)

We were very honored to have you come visit our company.
============================================
6.2 冒号用于分开标题和副标题(当一标题需要进一步说明时所加上的副标题)

1. Math Applications: Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks
(标题Math Applications和副标题Using Calculus to Determine the Age of Rocks之
间以冒号隔开)

2. I recommend Chinnery's book Oak Furniture: the British Tradition. (Oak
Furniture是书名,the British Tradition是副标题)
=============================================
6.3 冒号必须加在完整句子或独立子句之后

最常见的冒号用法上的错误就是将冒号放在完整句或独立子句的中间。看看下面的例子


Every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer, and a saw.

其中Every repairman must have是不是有完整的意思呢?显然意思并不完整。因此句
子中的冒号是多馀的。如果要用冒号的话,上面句子应该写成下面的样子:

There are three things every repairman must have: a screwdriver, a hammer,
and a saw.

看看冒号前There are three things every repairman must have,它是不是有完整的
意思呢?“每一位修理员必备三样东西”可见意思是完整的,虽然你还会问是哪三样东
西呢?因此冒号后面就列出那三样东西了。

现在我们知道在冒号前必须是的完整意思的句子或子句,跟冒号后的可不一定是个句子
或子句。它可能是一个列表,甚至可能只是一个单词。因此前面举的那个例子错在哪里
也就明白了吧。下面给出它的正误句:

错误句:For our camping trip, I brought: a lantern, a sleeping bag, food,
water, and a flashlight.

正确句:For our camping trip, I brought various essential items: a lantern,
a sleeping bag, food, water, and a flashlight.
--------------------------------------------
6.3.1 一些例子

1. Africa is facing a terrifying problem: perpetual drought(持续干旱). (冒号
后说明非洲所面对的困境)

2. The situation is clear: if you have unprotected sex with a stranger, you
risk AIDS. (说明你的处境是什么)

3. She was sure of one thing: she was not going to be a housewife. (说明她
肯定的是什么事)

4. We found the place easily: your directions were perfect. (说明为什么那么
容易找到那个地方)

5. Several friends have provided me with inspiration: Tim, Ian, and above
all, Larry. (说明是哪几个朋友)
------------------------------------------------
6.3.2 反过来也行

1. Saussure, Sapir, Bloomfield, Chomsky: all these have revolutionized
linguistics in one way or another.
================================================
6.4 冒号用于注明引用圣经的章节

1. The story of Menahem is found in II Kings 15:1422.
================================================
6.5 冒号用于表示比例

1. Among students of French, women outnumber men by more than 4:1. (4:1=4比
1,用文字说就是by more than four to one)
================================================
6.6 冒号用于表示时间(美国式)

1. 2:15 (两点十五分) (英国式 2.15)
2. 11:30 (A) (上午十一点三十分) (英国式 11.30 am)
======================================================

你说英文冒号的用法和中文的有什么不同呢?
发表于 2005-3-20 14:23:00
名词的数与一致性
1. 并列结构作主语时与谓语的一致关系
a) 由and连接两个名词或者代词作主语时
A and B分为以下四种情况:
i. A、B表示不同的人、物或者观念的时候,谓语动词要用复数形式
Li Ming and Zhang Hua are good students.
Both the parents and the children are here.
ii. A、B表示同一个人、物或者观念的时候,谓语动词要用单数形式
A journalist and author lives in the sixth flat.
The turner and fitter is under twenty-five.
iii. And连接几个单数主语,主语由each、 every、 no、 many a等词修饰的时候,谓
语动词要用单数
Each boy and each girl is invited.
Every boy and girl is invited.
No boy and no girl is there now.
iv. A、B为两个不可分的东西时,谓语动词用单数
A law and rule about protecting environment has been drawn up.
Bread and butter is nutritious.

b) 由or, not only… but also …, either… or …, neither… nor …连接主语
时,谓语的人称和数与靠近的主语一致 (注意,叙述句和疑问句随语序不同而不同)
Either you or I am mad.
Neither you nor he is naughty.
Not only the farmer but also his family were friendly to me.

c) 当主语后跟有with, along with, together with, besides, except, like,
including, as well as, rather than等词的时候,谓语动词不受词组的影响,仅和主
语保持一致
All but one were here just now.
A library with five thousand books is offered to nation as a gift.


2. 单一主语的情况
a) 以复数形式结尾的名词作主语时,例如physics, maths, economics, news, means,
works, 等一般在谓语动词中用单数形式, 当然,若表示复数的意思则另当别论
Physics is very important.
Every means has been tried.

b) 表示双部分工具的名称,衣服名称等作主语时,例如trousers/pants, shoes,
glasses, scissors, goods, clothers等,谓语用复数形式;如果这些词由Pair(suit,
piece, series,kind)+ of修饰的时候,谓语动词要用单数

My trousers are white and his clothes are black.
A pair of scissors is lying in that drawer.

但是在these/those pairs (…) of + 复数名词之后,谓语动词则用复数形式
These kinds of glasses are popular this summer.

3. 动名词,不定式,从句作主语的时候,谓语动词一般要用单数

To see is to believe.
Swimming is a good way to keep health.
Who is her father is not known.

4. 集体名词作主语时
a) mankind/humanity/man(人类)作主语的时候,谓语动词一般用单数形式
Only man is knows how to cook.
b) 由people, police, cattle, youth等集体名词作主语的时候,谓语动词用复数形式
The cattle are grazing in the field.
c) Family, croud, class, public, enemy等集体名词作主语的时候
i. 若当整体看,则谓语动词用单数形式
Our class is very diligent.
ii. 若他们表示的人或者事物当作若干个个体来看,谓语动词则用复数形式
When I came into the room, his family were watching TV.
iii. A family/group/class作主语时,谓语动词用单数
families/groups/classes作主语时,谓语动词用复数
A group is coming to the zoo.

5. 其他情况
a) 主语为表示距离、时间、长度、价值、金额、重量等复数名词的时候,谓语动词用
单数形式
3 kilometers is not very far.
Three times three makes nine.

b) one, every/each one, each, anyone, either, neither + of + 复数名词
谓语动词一般用单数形式,因为of之后的复数名词不是主语而是介词of的宾语,of前面
的one, every one … 才是主语
Neither of them is right.
Each of them has a slide.

c) none of + 不可数名词——谓语动词用单数形式
none of + 可数名词 ——谓语动词单复均可
None of that money in the desk is his.
None of his classmates knows the truth.


d) 分数或百分数 + of + 词组
分数或百分数+ of +词组作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词或者代词的数;若
名词或代词是复数,谓语动词用复数,若名词或代词是单数,则谓语动词用单数
Three-thirds of the surface of the earth is sea.
Tens of tons of waste goes into the air with the smoke every day.

e) more than one +(单数名词)+单数动词
more than two +(复数名词)+复数动词
More than one white rose has bloomed.
More than two white roses have bloomed.

f) a (great) number of + 复数名词 ——用复数动词
the number of + 任何名词 —— 用单数动词
A great number of tourists have been to the Great Wall.
The number of students in the computer class is limited to ten.

g) the + 形容词,表示一类人 ——谓语动词用复数
the + 形容词,表示一类物 ——谓语动词用单数
The rich are for the decision but the poor are against it.
The beauty is here.

h) every, any, some, no 构成的复合词
everyone, everybody, everything
anyone, anybody, anything       这些复合词作主语的时候,谓语动词用单
someone, somebody, something     数形式
no one, nobody, nothing
Everyone in the class was surprised at the news.
Listen, someone is knocking at the door.
发表于 2005-3-29 21:37:00
英美货币说法
(一)美国货币
  美国货币由美元dollar和美分cent组成,one dollar等于100 cents。其纸币bill有一、二、五、十、二十、五十和一百美元等面值;硬币(coin)有一美分(或a penny)、五美分(或a nickel)、十美分(或a dime)和二十五美分(或a quarter)等。在数字前加$表示美元,如:$500表示五百美元;在数字后加C表示美分,如:50C表示50美分;表示由美元和美分组成的钱数时,常用$表示,如:$6.50。
  (二)英国货币
  英国货币由英镑(pound)和便士(pence)组成,也分为纸币notes和硬币coins。纸币有面值五镑、十镑、二十镑和五十镑;而硬币,即金属货币有一便士、二便士、五便士、十便士、二十便士、五十便士和一镑等。若指一定数额的硬币,通常用piece,如2P(pieces);随身带的硬币可用change表示。100 pence等于1 pound。在数字前加£表示多少英镑,如:£800为800英镑;在数字后加P表示多少便士,如:5P表示五便士(penny的复数);表示由英镑和便士组成的钱数时通常不说出pence,如3镑50便士可说成£3.50或three pounds and fifty。
发表于 2005-3-30 08:36:00
呵呵,受益颇多啊从开学初我在自己六年级的班每周和他们一起学一句英语谚语或名人名言
发表于 2005-3-30 21:39:00
我们也要求每周两句,但总坚持不下来.班级人数太多,补差,提高,忙得不亦乐乎.
发表于 2005-4-1 21:31:00
以下是引用蓝色眼睛在2005-3-30 21:39:30的发言:
我们也要求每周两句,但总坚持不下来.班级人数太多,补差,提高,忙得不亦乐乎.

我以前也这样做过,后来还是忙于陪优补差,忙于应试,也就没有坚持下来.那个时候学生真的能说好多名言啊!
发表于 2005-4-1 21:55:00
是啊,都是什么调研啊,外语学校/民办学校招生啊,等等,把我们搞得无所适从.现在谁也说不清什么叫素质教育,什么叫应试教育.
发表于 2005-5-3 21:36:00
礼貌得体--作客及餐桌上的礼节介绍    如果你被一些西方朋友邀请(invite)到他/她家做客,就要考虑这样几个情况:一、该在什么时候到主人家?如果不是谈正经事,只是个社交聚会,早到是不礼貌的。女主人正在做准备,她还没完全准备好你就到了,会使她感到非常尴尬。晚到10分钟最佳。晚到半小时就显得太迟了,需要向主人致歉。二、什么时候离开(leave)?这没什么规定,但在主人家坐得太晚是很不礼貌(impolite)的。如果只是邀请你共进晚餐和聊天(have a chat),那么你最好在10点至11点之间离开或者餐后1小时告别。如果你被邀请留下来住几天或度周末,在离开之前应特意买束花(a bunch of flowers)送给女主人(hostess),这会使她非常高兴。另外,离开后的第二天要发一封信函向主人致谢,并随附一件小礼品如一盒巧克力(chocolate)或一些鲜花(flower)等。   英国的饭菜简单(simple),但是吃饭的规矩复杂。最主要的是坐直,吃饭时不可以和别人不停地交谈。不能把自己使用的匙子留在汤盆或咖啡杯或其他菜盘上。汤匙应放在汤盆的托碟上,咖啡匙要放在茶托上。喝汤时最好不弄出响声(sound),并用匙的一侧从里往外舀,不能用匙头,更不能端着汤盆把盆底剩的汤全喝光。每餐一般只上一道主菜和沙拉,最后上一道甜食。如果客人没有吃饱,可向女主人夸赞她做的美味并再要些菜,女主人会多加一份菜给他,但不再多加。不能在别人面前打饱嗝;不能在餐桌上吸烟(smoke);吃完饭,客人要将餐巾放在餐桌上,然后站起来(stand up),男士们要帮女士们挪开椅子。如果主人还要留客人再吃一顿饭,餐巾可按原来的折痕折好。餐后,客人要坐上一两个小时,然后向主人道别。
发表于 2005-5-3 21:38:00
尊重女士优先与绅士风度的西方礼仪    在英国,妇女是体现绅士风度的一个重要(important)方面。女士优先(lady first)是一个人人皆知的行为准则。   在通常情况下,英国人总是把女子放在优先考虑的地位。如男女一起进入(go into)某场合,男士要替女士开门(open the door)。进入餐馆亦是女子在前,除非男士在选餐桌(dinning table)时,必须走在女士的前面,或开车门等为女士效劳的事情时。在街上行走或过马路时,男士要走在女士身旁靠来车方向的一侧。如果一个男士和两个女士一起走,他应当走在两者当中。如果男主人或女主人或者两者同坐一辆车来接客人去吃饭,客人应该坐在汽车的前座(the front seat),让后座空着,因为司机就是男主人或女主人。在宴会上,主人把客人领进客厅时,如果客人是位女士,她进客厅时,厅中的大多数男子都要站起来以示敬意。如果女主人的女儿在,她要把客人给女儿作介绍。通常是把男士介绍给女士,除非他年长得多或地位高得多。不管进入客厅的是男士还是女士,在客厅里就座的女士都不必起身为礼。宴会开始,男士们为女士们拉开椅子,帮女士入座。   有些英国人慨叹,在对待女士的礼遇方面,如今世风已不如以前。据说是因为妇女在选举、就业、 工资待遇和接受高等教育方面获得了与男人平等的权利,她们就不再需要以往的那种照顾了。看来,对女士的礼貌是出于男士觉得女士需要保护。
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